Liquid preparations

SOLUTIONS
SOLUBILITY ( parts of solvent to dissolve 1 part of solute )
Very Soluble		Less than 1
Freely Soluble		1-10
Soluble		10-30
Sparingly Soluble		30- 100
Slightly Soluble		100-1,000
VERY Slightly Soluble		1,000-10,000
Practically INSOLUBLE		More than > 10,000
SOLVENTS FOR LIQUID PREPS
1.       Alcohol, USP Ethyl alcohol--à 94.9 -96% v/v C2 H5 OH	Under 6 yo- 0.5% limit 6-12 yo-  5% limit 12 yo above-  10 %	2nd to water as most useful -          Preferred because of miscibility to water and dissolve water insoluble ingredients -          DEHYDRATED ALCOHOL, 99.5%, essentially no water
2.       Diluted Alcohol, NF è 49 % alcohol		MIXED ALCOHOL + PURIFIED WATER Contract upon mixing e.g: 50 mL + 50 mL= 97 mL
3.       Rubbing Alcohol è 70 % v/v
4.       Glycerin (Glycerol)		Clear syrupy liquid, miscible both water and alcohol Preservative
5.       ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL à70 % v/v
6.       Propylene Glycol
7.       Purified Water, USP
Examples of non Medicated  Syrups
1.       Cherry syrup		Tart falvor, for drugs requiring acid medium
2.       Orange flavor		Citric acid- source of flavour Vehicle drugs stable in acid medium
3.       Cocoa		For bitter tasting drugs
4.       raspberry		Disguise salty or sour taste of slaine meidcaments
Preparation of Syrups
(a)    solution with the AID OF HEAT		Prepare syrup as quickly as possible INVERSION- hydrolytic rxn SUCROSE + HEAT à monosaccharides (dextrose or glucose + fructose or levulose) Color darkens—because of LEVULOSE Mixed= invert sugar, sweeter Speed of inversion- increase with acids SUCROSE OVERHEATED- turns to amber
(b)   Solution by Agitation without the Aid of Heat
(c)    Addition of Sucrose to a Medicated Liquid		Medicated liquid- tincture; fluidextract
(d)   Percolation		Ex. Ipecac syrup from Cephaelis ipecacuanha
ELIXIRS – clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions; usually flavoured -          Preferred than syrups from manufacturing standpoint (ease of prep ; stable characteristics) è 10- 12 % ALCOHOL; self preserving è Should be stored in air tight container; VOLATILE
PREPARATIONS
1.       Simple solution with agitation		Aqueous soln ADDED to Alcoholic soln, not reverse : to maintain highest possible alcoholic strength at all times TALC – frequent FILTER AID, used in prep elixirs, absorbs excessive OILS and assist their removal
2.       Admixture of two or more  liquid ingredients
TINCTURES – Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable materials or chemical substances -          15-80% alcohol -          Ex: PAREGORIC, USP- camphorated tincture of OPIUM -              OPIUM TICTURE, USP- LAUDANUM--- MUCH MORE POTENT THAN PAREGORIC
SPRAYS- aqueous or oleaginous solutions in the form of coarse tablets droplets or as finely divided solids to be applied topically, usually to the nasopharyngeal cavity
EXAMPLES OF SOLUTIONS
		SKIN
1.       Hydrogen Peroxide- clear colorless may or without odor of ozone 2.5to 3.5% v/v 0.05% preservative		30% H2O2—liberates 100x its volume of oxygenà 100-vol peroxide   Dilute soln: 3%H2O2- liberates 10 x its vol of oxygen
2.       POVIDONE IODINE TOPICAL SOLUTION		Chemical complex of IODINE + POLYVINYLPYRROLIDINE 10% skin uses ©Betadine
3.       THIMEROSAL TOPICAL SOLN		Water soluble MERCURIAL antibacterial agent 0.1% thimerosal ©merthiolate
		VAGINAL AND RECTAL
1.       VAGINAL DOUCHES
2.       Retention enemas
3.       Evacuation enema		Cleanse the bowel
		TOPICAL TINCTURES
1.       IODINE TINCTURE		2% iodine + 2.4 % Na iodide = SODIUM TRIIODIDE Na triiodideà prevents formation of ethyl iodide/loss of antibac àwater solubility ;reddish brown
2.       COMPOUND BENZOIN TINCTURE AKA: Friar’s balsam, Wade’s drops, Jerusalem’s balsam etc		10% benzoin, aloe, tolu balsam, storax Protectant; against bedsores, ulcers, cracked nipples
3.       THIMEROSAL TINCTURE		Compare to thimerosal Soln; NO NaCL, No Na borate Copper decomposes tincture ORANGE RED with GREEN FLUORESCENSCE
		TOPICAL ORAL SOLN
		…
		MISCELLANEOUS SOLNS
1.       AROMATIC WATERS		n  Clear, aqueous solns, saturated with volatile oils or aromatic or volatile substances NOT WIDELY USED ANYMORE
2.       DILUTED ACID		n  Aqueous solns prepared by diluting the corresponding conc acids wit purified water (w/v % basis) n  LITTLE USE NOWADAYS n  Ex: 1% acetic acid- surgery n  0.25% acetic acid – bladder irrigating soln
3.       SPIRITS		n  Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic soln of volatile substances n  FLavoring etc n  EX: AROMATIC AMMONIA SPIRIT; CAMPHOR SPIRIT n  Over 60% ALCOHOL
		NON-AQUEOUS SOLNS
1.       LINIMENTS		n  Alcoholic or oleaginous solns or emulsions of various medicinal substances intended to be rubbed on skin n  SHAKE WELL
2.       COLLOIDION		n  Clear or slightly opalescent viscous liquid prepared by dissolving PYROXYLIN (4% w.v) in 3 ether and 1 alcohol mixture
3.       FLEXIBLE COLLOIDION		n  Adding 2% CAMPHOR and  3% CASTOR OIL
4.       SALICYLIC ACID COLLOIDION		n  10% SALICYLIC ACID in FLEXIBLE COLLOIDION
EXTRACTION
Terms Menstruum- solvent or solvent mixture FLUIDEXTRACTS- liquid prep of vegetable drugs prepared by PERCOLATION EXTRACTS- concentrated prep of vegetable or animal drugs obtained by removal of the active constituents     METHODS OF EXTRACTION: 1.       Maceration- macerare means to soak 15-20 C; 3 days or until the soluble matter dissolved 2.       PERCOLATION-per (through) colare (strain) è In which the comminuted drug is extracted of its soluble constituent by slow passage of suitable solvent through column of drug