Introduction to Drugs and Pharmacy

MODULE 5: PHARMACEUTICS (17.5%)

• Manufacturing Pharmacy
• Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
• Physical Pharmacy
• Jurisprudence and Ethics

CHAPTER 1:  INTRODUCTION TO DRUGS & PHARMACY
Drug			agent intended for USE, MITIGATION, TREATMENT, CURE, OR PREVENTION of siease in humans or other animals
Pharmakon			Greek Word- charm or durg that may b\e used for good or evil (Homeric)
Ebers Papyrus			most famous;continuous 60 ft scroll 16th century Preserved in Uni of Leipzig Named after Georg Ebers 800 formulas, 700 drugs
Hippocrates			Greek; Oath; FATHER OF MEDICINE
Dioscoride			first to deal with botany as applied science of pharmacy De Materia Medica
Claudius Galen			aimed to create perfect system of physiology, pathology and treatment Galen’s cerate- COLD CREAM
Emperor Frederick II of Germany			kingdom Two Sicilies Separation of pharmacist and physician’s duties
Paracelsus                  Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim			Swiss physician Transformed from pharmacy as botanical science to chemical science
Karl Scheele			pharmacist Discovered lactic acid, citric, oxalic, arsenic etc Discovered oxygen before Priestly
Frederich Serturner			Isolation of Morphine and Opium
Joseph Caventou Joseph Pelletier			French Isolated quinine and cinchonine from cinchona Isolated STRYCHNINE and BRUCINE form nux vomica
Joseph Pelletier Pierre Robiquet			Isolated CAFFEINE
Pierre Robiquet			Separated CODEINE from Opium
United States Pharmacopeia (1820)
Philadelphia College			1821- First pharmacy school
Lititz Pharmacopeia (1778)			First American Pharmacopeia
Lyman Spalding (1817)			Physician Inititate creation of pharmacopeia FATHER OF THE USP
Durham-Humphrey Amendment 1952			Prescription drugs – not be refilled
Kefauver-Harris Amendment 1962			Greater safety of approved drugs Due to THALIDOMIDE incident
COMPREHENSIVE DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION AND CONTROL ACT 1970
FIVE (5) SCHEDULES
I	No accepted medical use High potential for abuse		LSD, mescaline, peyote, marijuana
II	Accepted medical High Abuse Lead to severe physiologic or physical dependence		Morphine, Cocaine, Methamphetamine, Amobarbital
III	Accepted Medical Less abuse than I & II Lead to MODERATE…		Hydrocodone CODEINE
IV	Accepted Low potential abuse than III Lead to LIMITED…		Diazepam, -zepams, diphenoxin
V	Accepted Low potential abuse than IV Lead to LIMITED… less than IV		Dihydrocodeine Diphenoxylate
FDA PREGNANCY CATEGORIES
A		No risk
B		Animal studies: Failed to see risk Humans: No adequate studies
C*		Animal: Adverse effect Human: No adequate studies
D*		Human: Positive evidence of fetal risk *Potential benefit may outweigh risk
X		FETAL ABNORMALITIES ^never to use in preggies
Black box warning			Describe risk and emphasize close monitoring
Prescription Drug marketing Act of 1987			#No to selling doctor’s samples
Dietary Supplement Health and Ed Act 1994			No to false misleading “uses’ of herbals and botanicals
Pharmaceutical Care			“Component of pharmacy practice which entails  the direct interaction of Px and Rx for the purpose of care in drug related needs”-Strand etc “..direct, responsible provision of medication related care for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes the improves patients quality of life” ASHSP
CODE OF ETHICS
1.      COVENANTAL relationship bet px & rx			Moral obligations in exchange of the society’s trust. Maintain trust